This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Emotional, Social, Psychological Support for Cancer (194) Consumer & Patient Education and Shared-Decision Making (679) Patient Education for Cancer (147) Children and Young People With Cancer, Pediatric Oncology (59)

Published on in Vol 10 (2024)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/47944, first published .
Exploring Web-Based Information and Resources That Support Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer to Resume Study and Work: Environmental Scan Study

Exploring Web-Based Information and Resources That Support Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer to Resume Study and Work: Environmental Scan Study

Exploring Web-Based Information and Resources That Support Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer to Resume Study and Work: Environmental Scan Study

Authors of this article:

Clarissa E Schilstra1 Author Orcid Image ;   Sarah J Ellis1 Author Orcid Image ;   Jennifer Cohen2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Alana Gall4 Author Orcid Image ;   Abbey Diaz5 Author Orcid Image ;   Kristina Clarke3 Author Orcid Image ;   Gadiel Dumlao1 ;   Jennifer Chard6 ;   Therese M Cumming7, 8 Author Orcid Image ;   Esther Davis3 Author Orcid Image ;   Haryana Dhillon9 Author Orcid Image ;   Mary Anne Burns9 Author Orcid Image ;   Kimberley Docking10 Author Orcid Image ;   Eng-Siew Koh11, 12, 13 Author Orcid Image ;   Josephine O'Reilly14 ;   Ursula M Sansom-Daly1, 15 Author Orcid Image ;   Joanne Shaw9 Author Orcid Image ;   Nicole Speers14 ;   Natalie Taylor2 Author Orcid Image ;   Anthea Warne2 Author Orcid Image ;   Joanna E Fardell1, 6 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by Tweetations (2) Metrics

    Original Paper

    1Behavioural Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Randwick Clinical Campus, University of New South Wales Sydney, Randwick, Australia

    2Faculty of Medicine and Health, Randwick Clinical Campus, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia

    3Canteen Australia, Newtown, Australia

    4National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia

    5School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

    6Western Sydney Youth Cancer Service, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia

    7Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia

    8Disability Innovation Institute, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia

    9School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia

    10Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia

    11South West Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Liverpool, Australia

    12Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Liverpool, Australia

    13Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia

    14Cancer survivor representative, New South Wales, Australia

    15Sydney Youth Cancer Service, Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia

    Corresponding Author:

    Clarissa E Schilstra, BA, PhD

    Behavioural Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital

    Faculty of Medicine and Health, Randwick Clinical Campus

    University of New South Wales Sydney

    Behavioural Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre

    Level 1 South, Sydney Children's Hospital, High St

    Randwick, 2031

    Australia

    Phone: 61 405679809

    Email: c.schilstra@unsw.edu.au


    Background: Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) diagnosed with cancer experience physical, cognitive, and psychosocial effects from cancer treatment that can negatively affect their ability to remain engaged in education or work through cancer treatment and in the long term. Disengagement from education or work can have lasting implications for AYAs’ financial independence, psychosocial well-being, and quality of life. Australian AYAs with cancer lack access to adequate specialist support for their education and work needs and report a preference for web-based support that they can access from anywhere, in their own time. However, it remains unclear what web-based resources exist that are tailored to support AYAs with cancer in reaching their educational or work goals.

    Objective: This study aimed to determine what web-based resources exist for Australian AYAs with cancer to (1) support return to education or work and (2) identify the degree to which existing resources are age-specific, cancer-specific, culturally inclusive, and evidence-based; are co-designed with AYAs; use age-appropriate language; and are easy to find.

    Methods: We conducted an environmental scan by searching Google with English search terms in August 2022 to identify information resources about employment and education for AYAs ever diagnosed with cancer. Data extraction was conducted in Microsoft Excel, and the following were assessed: understandability and actionability (using the Patient Education and Materials Tool), readability (using the Sydney Health Literacy Laboratory Health Literacy Editor), and whether the resource was easy to locate, evidence-based, co-designed with AYAs, and culturally inclusive of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The latter was assessed using 7 criteria previously developed by members of the research team.

    Results: We identified 24 web-based resources, comprising 22 written text resources and 12 video resources. Most resources (21/24, 88%) were published by nongovernmental organizations in Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. A total of 7 resources focused on education, 8 focused on work, and 9 focused on both education and work. The evaluation of resources demonstrated poor understandability and actionability. Resources were rarely evidence-based or co-designed by AYAs, difficult to locate on the internet, and largely not inclusive of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations.

    Conclusions: Although web-based resources for AYAs with cancer are often available through the websites of hospitals or nongovernmental organizations, this environmental scan suggests they would benefit from more evidence-based and actionable resources that are available in multiple formats (eg, text and audio-visual) and tailored to be age-appropriate and culturally inclusive.

    JMIR Cancer 2024;10:e47944

    doi:10.2196/47944

    Keywords

    adolescent; cancer; education; employment; information needs; oncology; online information; quality of life; resource; return to work; school; study; supportive resources; treatment; young adult 


    A diagnosis of cancer in adolescence and the young adult years can lead to significant and long-lasting disruptions to key developmental milestones [1-3]. Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer are at risk of poor long-term medical and psychosocial outcomes due to delays in diagnosis and lagging improvements in survival rates compared with those diagnosed as children or adults [1]. Symptoms and late effects from cancer treatment can negatively impact AYAs’ education and work engagement [4-7]. A weakened immune system, nausea, fatigue, neuropathy, poor cognitive functioning, poor social well-being, and mental health challenges such as depression and social anxiety are just some of the physical symptoms and late effects AYAs must contend with [3-9]. Challenges with education and work engagement may also drive distressing symptoms such as poor social well-being and depression [3,9,10].

    Poorer outcomes are exacerbated by the limited age-appropriate services targeting their unique needs [11]. During adolescence and the young adult years, broadly defined as the ages of 15-39 years, young people are expected to participate in and complete education and training, obtain employment, and achieve financial independence, all while navigating social and intimate relationships to develop and evolve their identity [12]. A cancer diagnosis and treatment during adolescence and the young adult years can interrupt or delay these developmental tasks [12].

    Extended absences and difficulties engaging with education or work are common for survivors of AYA cancer and can have a lifelong negative impact on AYAs’ educational and work goals, quality of life, and psychosocial and financial well-being [2]. survivors of AYA cancer miss significantly more days of school than their peers [11]. AYAs may miss 40-60 days of school within the first year following their diagnosis [13], and Australian data suggest nearly 50% of survivors of AYA cancer have not fully returned to education or work up to 24 months post diagnosis [14]. Nearly 40% of AYAs report their employment goals were negatively affected by cancer [15], and survivors of AYA cancer are more likely than peers without a history of cancer to report an increased number of missed workdays as a result of illness or disability (11.9% of survivors vs 6.7% of controls) [16]. survivors of AYA cancer are also more likely than peers without a history of cancer to report employment disability (being unable to carry out employment or work requirements at all or needing to do so with disability provisions; 34.1% of survivors vs 23.9% of controls) [16]. However, qualitative studies suggest that survivors of AYA cancer experience trouble navigating public support, education, and employment systems, which puts them at a disadvantage by contributing to increased financial hardship, fear, and uncertainty around their education and employment situations. Financial hardship in itself serves as a barrier to AYAs achieving their education goals by making it difficult for AYAs to afford education, particularly at a university level, or to keep up with repayment of education-related debts [17].

    In contrast, AYAs who are able to remain more engaged with their education or work report decreased psychological distress [18] and improved social well-being [1,19]. Yet, few interventions supporting AYAs to remain engaged with education or work have been systematically evaluated [2]. The only such service evaluated in Australia is an educational and vocational counseling service based in a major cancer center in Victoria, Australia, which provides in-depth, tailored support through trained advisors to AYAs diagnosed with cancer between the ages of 15 and 25 years [20]. To date, 209 AYAs have received support through this program. By completion, 73% of AYAs were able to engage in education or vocation or were receiving support through an external source [20]. Access to such personalized programs may be limited due to cancer centers’ resources and AYAs’ distance to their treatment centers [21,22]. Individualized consultation requires synchronous engagement, usually during school or work hours, which may further prevent uptake for AYAs who have some level of participation in education or work [23].

    The average Australian AYA spends approximately 14 hours per week on the internet, and survivors of AYA cancer are highly engaged with social media as well as web-based cancer resources [24,25]. Many Australians with cancer living in rural or remote locations rely on web-based resources to navigate the impacts of a cancer diagnosis and its treatment on their education or career [26,27]. Given this reliance on web-based information, it is critical to consider the extent to which web-based information resources are equitably accessible by Australian AYAs. Previous studies and reviews have defined equity of access to web-based information as the provision of web-based information that is easy to find, provided in a range of formats (eg, text, video, and audio), understandable or readable for individuals with varying abilities and health literacy levels, and culturally and linguistically inclusive [28-30]. The importance of equitable access to health information for Australians is paramount, considering how many people live in rural locations and the cultural and linguistic diversity of the country. Approximately 3.2% of the population identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, 30% were born overseas, and 21% of families speak a language other than English at home [31].

    Ensuring equitable access to web-based information resources requires consultation with target populations (ie, co-design of information resources with a culturally and linguistically diverse group of AYAs diagnosed with cancer), as well as a focus on providing information that is evidence-based. However, no previous research has assessed what web-based information resources exist to support Australian survivors of AYA cancer in their engagement with education or work, and to what extent resources are equitably accessible. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the following: (1) What web-based resources exist for engaging with education or work after a cancer diagnosis that AYAs with cancer are likely to encounter when conducting a Google search? and (2) Of the identified resources, to what degree are they understandable, actionable, readable, easy to locate, evidence-based, co-designed with survivors of AYA cancer, and culturally inclusive?


    Overview

    Web-based resources for AYAs with cancer are typically provided through hospitals and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) rather than through academic journals or research databases. Therefore, we chose to conduct an environmental scan rather than a systematic review, using a standard search engine rather than academic databases. Environmental scans have demonstrated usability in identifying health information resources across a range of health disciplines [32,33]. While there is no consensus regarding optimal methods for conducting an environmental scan of health information resources, environmental scans take a higher-level approach than systematic reviews or qualitative evaluation studies to identify available resources, tabulate yes or no responses to whether web-based resources possess certain qualities, and determine the basic usability of resource content [33,34]. We opted to follow similar methods used by Ruble et al [32] in their 2019 publication assessing web-based resources to support children returning to school during or after cancer treatment and methods used by Schiffman et al [35] in their 2006 study on internet use among survivors of AYA cancer. In keeping with these previous studies, 2 researchers led the search and data extraction, and we used validated measures of understandability, actionability, and readability to conduct a basic assessment of available resources. We also tabulated whether resources were easy to locate, evidence-based, developed through co-design with AYAs, and culturally inclusive of Indigenous populations. We conducted structured searches through Google and extracted data in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation).

    Consumer Involvement

    Consumer involvement in the design of this study was central to our methods. Chief investigators included the researcher and clinician chief investigators in addition to 2 survivors of AYA cancer (authors CES and NS) and 1 parent of a survivor (author JO). Together, the chief investigator team met in November 2021, March 2022, and May 2022, to develop the environmental scan protocol, including search terms and methods.

    Searches

    We searched Google Australia with English search terms between August 8 and 19, 2022 (Textbox 1). No limits were applied to the country, as we wanted to replicate the way survivors of AYA cancer currently access information to support their return to education or work.

    Textbox 1. Environmental scan search terms as per both themes.

    Adolescents and young adults with or surviving cancer

    • AYA cancer
    • Teen cancer
    • Adolescent cancer
    • Young adult cancer

    Returning to study or work

    • Study
    • School
    • Education
    • University
    • College
    • Work
    • Employment
    • Career

    Search terms were created by combining search words from 2 themes. The first theme designated the target population of AYAs with or surviving cancer, and the second designated information and resource content related to “returning to study or work.” Using the words listed in Textbox 1, CES and GD independently conducted 24 unique searches combining the 2 groups of search terms with “AND” (eg, “adolescent cancer AND school”). Before and between each new search, the browser cache was reset. All searches were conducted from Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. However, to identify whether there may be any difference in search results based on location in Australia, GD also conducted 6 of the 24 searches using a virtual private network and changed the search location to Perth, Western Australia, which is located on the opposite side of Australia from Sydney.

    Resource Selection

    Typically, a Google search will present 10 results per page, meaning 50 results would be presented across 5 pages. Although the average internet user will only click on results appearing in the first 10 Google search results [36], we opted to maximize, the identification of relevant results by reviewing the first 50 results for eligibility (CES and GD) [37]. Eligible websites, documents, videos, and audio-visual resources were those that provided text-based information, video, or audio-visual information in English and were directed primarily toward AYAs returning to study (any level) or work after a cancer diagnosis. Websites, documents, and videos or audio-visual resources targeting parents or family members of AYAs were excluded. Academic papers, media stories, and blogs were also excluded.

    Data Extraction

    An Excel spreadsheet was developed to include drop-down menus to record key data (Table 1). Data extraction fields were partially based on a previous review of web-based resources conducted by Ruble et al [32] in 2020.

    CES and GD independently conducted data extraction and recorded the addresses of websites meeting eligibility criteria in separate Excel spreadsheets, reconciled their searches, and removed duplicates.

    Table 1. Data extraction fields and response options.
    FieldResponse option
    Target audienceAYAa-specific or other
    SettingEducation (inclusive of secondary or tertiary) or employment
    Source creator
    • Nongovernmental organization
    • Cooperative group or professional organization
    • Health care institution
    • State or federal government organizations
    • Media publications
    Country of originCountry name
    Access to websitePublicly available, subscription, or user profile
    Purpose of websiteInformation, advertising, support, or intervention
    Date of last review of informationDate
    Cancer typeDiagnosis name, resource designed for AYAs with chronic illness more broadly but includes cancer, or no cancer type specified
    Media used to convey informationWritten descriptive text, video or YouTube, images, stories or vignettes, quotes from consumers, or other
    Support, tools, or information provided by the resourceChecklists, letter templates, strategies, access to career or education counseling, support group or network, or other
    Evidence-basedYes or no
    Co-designedYes, no, or unclear: describes consultation with survivors but not methods for this consultation

    aAYA: adolescent and young adult.

    Assessment of Resources and Data Synthesis

    Was the Resource Understandable and Actionable?

    For both text and audio-visual resources, we used the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) [38] to assess the understandability and actionability of the resources. Understandability refers to whether the meaning is comprehensible, taking multiple elements into account, such as word complexity and the layout or structure of the information [38]. Actionability refers to whether or not a resource provides content in a way that consumers can easily determine what they need to act on or do based on the content presented [38]. PEMAT for written materials consists of 17 items assessing understandability and 17 items assessing actionability, all of which are scored as agree, disagree, or unsure [38]. The PEMAT for audio-visual materials includes 13 items assessing understandability and 4 assessing actionability. The PEMAT generates percentage scores (0%-100%) which is the proportion of the responses assessed as having been met (agree). Scores of 100% indicate optimal understandability or actionability; scores of 70% indicate adequate understandability or actionability [38,39]. The PEMAT has been used previously in a review of information resources for students with cancer [32] and an evaluation of other web-based information for many illnesses, including cancer [37]. The PEMAT demonstrates good reliability and ease of use, with interrater reliability scores of 0.92 for understandability and 0.93 for actionability, and 92% of raters agreeing on its ease of use [40].

    Was the Resource Readable?

    We also assessed the readability (reading level) of text resources using the Sydney Health Literacy Laboratory (SHeLL) Health Literacy Editor. Optimal readability on the SHeLL Editor is indicated by a score of 8 or below, equating to a grade 8 reading level [41,42]. Generally, health information designed for the general population or patients is recommended to be readable at a grade 8 level or lower [43]. The SHeLL Editor enables the pasting of exact text from a resource into its reading level calculator to provide a specific reading level for text.

    How Easy Was It to Locate the Resource?

    The ease of locating the resource was assessed by determining whether a resource appeared within the first 10 search results on the first page of results on Google. This is based on evidence suggesting the average internet user will only click on results appearing in the first 10 Google search results [36].

    Was the Resource Evidence-Based?

    Resources were evaluated as being evidence-based according to whether or not supporting evidence was cited and accurately represented to support the information they provided, or if they indicated in any background content whether research was involved in the development of the resource content.

    Was the Resource Developed Through Co-Design With Survivors of AYA Cancer?

    Co-design refers to methods used to engage, consult, and work in collaboration with young people to develop research questions, resource content, or interventions [44]. We assessed whether resources were co-designed with survivors of AYA cancer based on whether or not they described using a co-design method to develop the information they provide. We note as “unclear” any resources indicating content was developed in consultation with AYAs with cancer, but the exact co-design methods used or extent of engagement with AYAs is not clearly described.

    Was the Resource Culturally Inclusive?

    To our knowledge, no tool exists to assess the cultural inclusivity of international web-based health resources. Therefore, to measure the cultural inclusivity of the resources we identified, we used 7 criteria that were codeveloped by 3 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander researchers (including AG) and 2 non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander researchers (including AD) [45]. All researchers involved in the development of these criteria have a strong track record in Indigenous health research [45-51]. Due to the criteria being designed solely for the evaluation of the cultural inclusivity of resources for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia, we only evaluate the cultural inclusivity of resources created by and for Australians [45].

    The criteria for cultural inclusivity were as follows [45]: (1) Does the resource include any visual aids (photos, animations, infographics, or charts) that depict or contain information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples? (2) Does the resource include any information or data about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples? (3) Does the resource include any Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander design or artwork? (4) Does the resource provide any evidence of leadership, involvement, or governance by peoples, communities, or organizations that identify as or represent populations that are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander? (5) Is the resource available in any Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages? (6) Is any of the language used strengths-based and respectful to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples? and (7) Does the resource include a contact (phone number, email, or website) for any culturally relevant or personalized support and information for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?

    AG, a Pakana woman from Lutruwita (Tasmania), reviewed all resources to determine their relevancy to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. As this tool is not validated, there is no clear minimum number of criteria that should be achieved to determine the cultural competency of a resource. As such, we report the number of criteria that were met descriptively and describe the strengths and shortfalls of the resources.


    Research Question 1: What Web-Based Resources Exist for Engaging With Education or Work After a Cancer Diagnosis, That AYAs With Cancer Are Likely to Encounter When Conducting a Google Search?

    A total of 24 AYA-specific resources met eligibility criteria and were included (Table 2). Most were published by NGOs (n=19, 79%). All resources focused on information provision rather than advertising, support, or intervention, with content shared through text information, text and video stories from other AYAs with cancer, contact details for support organizations, or lists of strategies to navigate education and work challenges. A total of 8 resources were from the United States [52-59], 8 from Australia [60-67], 6 from the United Kingdom [68-73], and 2 from Canada [74,75]. A total of 7 resources focused on education, 8 on work, and 9 on both. There was no difference in search results between searches conducted in Sydney and Perth.

    Most resources did not target specific cancer types or stages of the cancer trajectory, although 4 were developed for people diagnosed with blood cancer [59,66,69,74]. There was little consistency in the topics covered across resources, with only a few common topics covered (Table 3).

    Table 2. Cultural inclusivity of resources identified through the environmental scan [45].
    CriteriaResources meeting each criterion, n
    Does the resource include any visual aids (photos, animations, infographics, or charts) that depict or contain information about Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander peoples?0
    Does the resource include any information or data about Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander peoples?0
    Does the resource include any Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander designs or artwork?4
    Does the resource provide any evidence of leadership, involvement, or governance by people, communities, or organizations that identify as or represent populations that are Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?0
    Is the resource available in Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander languages?0
    Is any of the language used strengths-based and respectful to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?6
    Does the resource include a contact (phone number, email, or website) for any culturally relevant or personalized support and information for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?2
    Table 3. Common information and strategies covered in resources.
    Topic coveredResource explored topic in relation to education, work, or both
    Disability rights and accessing accommodations or provisions (n=16) [52-55,58,61-63,65-67,71,72,74]Both
    Telling people or talking about your cancer (n=13) [52-55,60-63,65-67,70-72]Both
    Applying for jobs or changing careers (n=11) [52,61,64,66,67,69,71-75]Both
    Managing physical or cognitive impacts of cancer treatment (n=7) [54,57,65-67,71,75]Both

    Research Question 2a: Were Resources Understandable?

    Understandability of all text and resources was very good, with all but 1 resource [68] scoring 80% or more on the PEMAT (Table S1 in Multimedia Appendix 1 [52-75]).

    Research Question 2b: Were Resources Actionable?

    Actionability varied greatly across resources, ranging from 40%-100% on the PEMAT (Table S1 in Multimedia Appendix 1 [52-75]). Less actionable text resources tended to be those focused on broad information and strategies, such as tips on how to tell your employer about your diagnosis and the suggestion to seek counseling support through a university campus student services center, rather than advice on when and how AYAs can take specific steps to address their concerns. In general, video resources were the least actionable in that most involved AYA survivors telling their own personal stories related to education and work challenges after a cancer diagnosis, rather than providing advice or strategies to other AYAs.

    Research Question 2c: Were Text Resources Also Readable?

    Readability for all 23 text resources was very poor, with reading levels ranging between grades 8.5 and 16.0 (mean 12, SD 1.97), indicating that, on average, the included resources require completion of a high school degree to comprehend. No resources were assessed to be the optimal reading level of grade 8 or lower (Table S1 in Multimedia Appendix 1 [52-75]).

    Research Question 2d: Were Resources Easy to Locate?

    Resources were difficult to locate, with 22 out of 24 (90%) relevant resources appearing on the second or third page of the Google search results (Table S1 in Multimedia Appendix 1 [52-75]). Results of the Google search prioritized resources related to younger children diagnosed with cancer and their engagement with school, as well as older adults returning to work. AYA-specific resources were scattered in between these less relevant results, as well as other, less relevant results, such as academic journal publications, links to hospital-based cancer services, and information about specific types of cancer.

    Research Question 2e: Were Resources Evidence-Based?

    No resources cited any research-based evidence to support the information provided (Table S1 in Multimedia Appendix 1 [52-75]). Most resources did not describe how the content was developed. Where any description was provided, resources tended to be developed through consultation with expert informants, such as career counselors, oncologists, hematologists, and social workers.

    Research Question 2f: Were Resources Co-Designed?

    No resources specifically discussed co-design methods used to develop resource content in collaboration with AYAs.

    Research Question 2g: Were Resources Culturally Inclusive?

    The number of cultural inclusivity criteria each resource addressed is summarized in Table S1 in Multimedia Appendix 1 [52-75]. The number of resources meeting specific criteria in the cultural inclusivity checklist is summarized in Table 2. Generally, cultural inclusivity of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was very poor, with only 2 out of 7 inclusivity criteria met by 1 or more resources: inclusion of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander cultural design or artwork and an acknowledgment on the web page recognizing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (minimally reflecting the use of strengths-based language that is respectful of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples).

    In reviewing all resources, both Australian and internationally-designed, we noticed several further equity, access, diversity, and representative issues with resources that were not initially part of our aims, that are important to highlight. Pictures and videos presented in resources almost exclusively portrayed heterosexual relationships, women were more commonly represented in pictures than men, and women were more commonly shown to be young, White, and of thinner build. Settings also showed middle-class, suburban, or urban areas rather than lower-socioeconomic, rural, or remote settings. Most resources also primarily assumed internet access and support from family or friends were available to AYAs. Lastly, language was not gender neutral and tended to assume heterosexual, 2-parent families.


    Overview

    This environmental scan aimed to (1) determine what web-based resources exist to support survivors of AYA cancer in their engagement with education or work and (2) assess the understandability, readability, actionability, and cultural inclusivity of resources, as well as how easy resources were to locate, whether they provide evidence-based information, and whether they were co-designed with survivors of AYA cancer. We found few high-quality resources on the topic of returning to education or working for AYAs with cancer in Australia.

    Although the understandability of most resources was high, the readability of text-based resources was poor, with most text resources requiring reading levels at the university education level or higher. This discrepancy may be due to the understandability criteria being quite broad (eg, text “material uses common, everyday language” or “material ‘chunks’ information into short sections”) and not directly providing criteria against which age-appropriate understandability could be assessed. For example, a resource might include everyday language for a young adult in small sections, but sentence structures or legal terminology related to education or work rights may be more complicated, thus affecting readability. Our findings on poor readability of resources are consistent with literature indicating most AYAs with cancer who access web-based resources report the resources require high health literacy and present information that is difficult to understand, critically evaluate, and act on [76,77].

    We also found most web-based resources limited in their modes of information provision, primarily using text to provide lists of information and strategies. Few resources involved audio-visual content that may be preferable for the AYA population [35]. Where audio-visual content was provided, it was often focused on individual stories and experiences rather than the provision of guidance to AYAs and actionable strategies to navigate the return to education or work after cancer.

    It is therefore unsurprising that the actionability of resources was moderate, with resources scoring 60%-100% on actionability. The focus on broad information and strategies in most of the resources reviewed may feel overwhelming to AYAs, given that it can be difficult for a young person to review a long list of suggestions and determine what they should act on given their individual health status, needs, and education or work goals [25]. Previous studies have provided evidence that Australian survivors of AYA cancer report low confidence in their ability to assess the reliability and validity of health-related information [77]. From a developmental standpoint, adolescents may not have fully developed their critical thinking skills yet [77]. This underscores the importance of providing information to AYAs that is both understandable and actionable.

    It is also important to note that no resources cited an evidence base (ie, peer-reviewed scientific literature) for their information or recommendations, nor did any resource specify co-design of any content with survivors of AYA cancer. Instead, most resources assumed a certain level of understanding and self-motivation to act on the provided information or strategies. Most resources were also difficult to locate, appearing on multiple pages in a Google search. However, reliance on evidence-based information and co-design of resources with AYA survivors are widely acknowledged as critical to ensuring that information content and delivery methods are optimized for the specific needs of this age group [78-81].

    Lastly, few resources met more than 1 criterion for cultural inclusivity. The lack of culturally inclusive resources for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples may exacerbate existing health inequalities in people with cancer [82]. While there is no research, to our knowledge, describing specific concerns related to return to work or education for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander AYAs with cancer, financial distress is a common area of unmet need for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults with cancer in Queensland [83]. Considering the employment and educational disparities that are known within this population broadly [84,85], it stands to reason that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander AYAs with cancer may be in particular need of information to support their educational and employment endeavors. However, resources were generally not inclusive of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. In turn, the literature suggests that such limited inclusivity in health information can lead to feelings of isolation, feeling misunderstood by health services, and reduced self-efficacy in patients to follow medical advice [86]. There is an urgent need to address this gap in resources available to Australian AYAs through co-designing and testing the impact of resources with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander survivors of AYA cancer.

    Comparison to Previous Work

    While some NGOs and health care institutions provide lists of web-based resources for AYAs with cancer on their website, no previous research has specifically collated and evaluated web-based resources to support AYAs’ return to education or work after cancer. This environmental scan is the first to evaluate the age appropriateness, accessibility, understandability, and cultural inclusivity of web-based resources specifically targeting the education and work needs of AYAs with cancer in Australia.

    Limitations

    There were some limitations worth noting. The search strategies used were constructed to mirror typical searches AYAs might conduct with a select set of keywords. However, these strategies may not capture all modes of searches AYAs might conduct, such as asking questions in the Google search or using other terms not featured, and we did not include results such as blogs or social media posts from which AYAs may also seek information. We only conducted searches in English and did not find or include resources published in other languages that may be relevant. Furthermore, there are some limitations associated with assessing the cultural inclusivity of international resources using a tool designed specifically for Australia. However, it is important to note that, to our knowledge, no international tools exist to assess the cultural inclusivity of web-based health information resources, and we, therefore, opted to use the Australian tool and focus specifically on assessing the cultural inclusivity of resources for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. We also aimed to optimize the reach of our searches by using 24 unique search term combinations, as well as by conducting the searches from both Sydney (where the investigators are located) and Perth (through a virtual private network). Finally, given that AYAs use web-based resources and information, an important next step will be understanding what AYAs themselves think about available web-based resources in terms of appropriateness or usefulness, which was beyond the scope of the current environmental scan conducted here.

    Conclusions

    AYAs diagnosed with cancer frequently turn to the internet to seek information related to their diagnosis, treatment, and psychosocial needs [24,25,76,87]. Information accessed on the internet can play a major role in AYAs’ decisions to seek care or support to address their specific needs and concerns [24,25,76,87]. Findings from this environmental scan suggest AYAs diagnosed with cancer in Australia would benefit from more tailored, evidence-based, and culturally inclusive web-based resources that are easy to locate, are provided in multiple formats (eg, text as well as audio-visual), are presented at the reading level of someone in year 8 or below and are easy to act on. While some resources describe their development as being done in consultation with survivors of AYA cancer, it is unclear to what extent a co-design approach was taken. A co-design approach would be beneficial to at least ensure the understandability, readability, actionability, and cultural inclusivity of any future resources developed.

    Acknowledgments

    This paper was prepared with funding support from the Cancer Australia Supporting People With Cancer grant (CA-ITA-2021/01) and the Kids Cancer Project and Canteen. JEF is a Maridulu Budyari Gumal (SPHERE) Cancer CAG Senior Research Fellow and is supported by a cancer institute NSW Research Capacity Building grant (2021/CBG003). AD is funded by a University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine Fellowship. UMS-D is supported by an Early Career Fellowship from the Cancer Institute of New South Wales (2020/ECF1163). The Behavioral Sciences Unit is proudly supported by the Kids with Cancer Foundation, by the Kids Cancer Alliance, as well as a Cancer Council New South Wales Program grant (PG16-02) with the support of the estate of the late Harry McPaul.

    Data Availability

    The data sets generated during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

    Authors' Contributions

    All authors contributed to project conceptualization, methodology, writing, reviewing, and editing. Authors CES, JEF, GD, AD, and AG contributed to data curation and formal analysis. CES wrote the original manuscript with supervision from JEF.

    Conflicts of Interest

    None declared.

    Multimedia Appendix 1

    Resources identified.

    DOCX File , 23 KB
    1. Warner EL, Kent EE, Trevino KM, Parsons HM, Zebrack BJ, Kirchhoff AC. Social well-being among adolescents and young adults with cancer: a systematic review. Cancer. 2016;122(7):1029-1037. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    2. Fardell JE, Wakefield CE, Patterson P, Lum A, Cohn RJ, Pini SA, et al. Narrative review of the educational, vocational, and financial needs of adolescents and young adults with cancer: recommendations for support and research. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2018;7(2):143-147. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    3. Schilstra CE, Fardell JE, Burns MA, Ellis SJ, Anazodo AC, Trahair TN, et al. Determinants of social functioning among adolescents and young adults with cancer: a systematic review. Psychooncology. 2021;30(10):1626-1642. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    4. Park JL, Brandelli Y, Russell KB, Reynolds K, Li Y, Ruether D, et al. Unmet needs of adult survivors of childhood cancers: associations with developmental stage at diagnosis, cognitive impairment, and time from diagnosis. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2018;7(1):61-71. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    5. Magrath CM, Critoph DJ, Smith LAM, Hatcher HM. "A different person entirely": adolescent and young adults' experiences returning to education after cancer treatment. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2021;10(5):562-572. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    6. Elsbernd A, Pedersen KJ, Boisen KA, Midtgaard J, Larsen HB. "On your own": adolescent and young adult cancer survivors' experience of managing return to secondary or higher education in Denmark. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2018;7(5):618-625. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    7. Pedersen KJ, Boisen KA, Midtgaard J, Elsbernd A, Larsen HB. Facing the maze: young cancer survivors' return to education and work-a professional expert key informant study. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2018;7(4):445-452. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    8. Schilstra CE, Fardell JE, Ellis SJ, Jones KM, Anazodo AC, Trahair TN, et al. Social anxiety symptoms in survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2022;11(2):129-137. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    9. Geue K, Göbel P, Leuteritz K, Nowe E, Sender A, Stöbel-Richter Y, et al. Anxiety and depression in young adult German cancer patients: time course and associated factors. Psychooncology. 2019;28(10):2083-2090. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    10. Park EM, Rosenstein DL. Depression in adolescents and young adults with cancer. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(2):171-180. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    11. Fardell JE, Patterson P, Wakefield CE, Signorelli C, Cohn RJ, Anazodo A, et al. A narrative review of models of care for adolescents and young adults with cancer: barriers and recommendations. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2018;7(2):148-152. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    12. Docherty SL, Kayle M, Maslow GR, Santacroce SJ. The adolescent and young adult with cancer: a developmental life course perspective. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2015;31(3):186-196. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    13. Pini S, Hugh-Jones S, Gardner PH. What effect does a cancer diagnosis have on the educational engagement and school life of teenagers? A systematic review. Psychooncology. 2012;21(7):685-694. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    14. Kosola S, McCarthy MC, McNeil R, Orme LM, Drew S, Sawyer SM. Early education and employment outcomes after cancer in adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2018;7(2):238-244. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    15. Bellizzi KM, Smith A, Schmidt S, Keegan THM, Zebrack B, Lynch CF, et al. Positive and negative psychosocial impact of being diagnosed with cancer as an adolescent or young adult. Cancer. 2012;118(20):5155-5162. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    16. Guy GP, Yabroff KR, Ekwueme DU, Smith AW, Dowling EC, Rechis R, et al. Estimating the health and economic burden of cancer among those diagnosed as adolescents and young adults. Health Aff (Millwood). 2014;33(6):1024-1031. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    17. Education expenses. Cancer Council. 2021. URL: https:/​/www.​cancercouncil.com.au/​cancer-information/​legal-work-and-financial-issues/​finances/​reducing-debts-and-expenses/​education-expenses/​ [accessed 2024-02-21]
    18. Kwak M, Zebrack BJ, Meeske KA, Embry L, Aguilar C, Block R, et al. Trajectories of psychological distress in adolescent and young adult patients with cancer: a 1-year longitudinal study. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(17):2160-2166. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    19. Husson O, Zebrack BJ, Aguilar C, Hayes-Lattin B, Cole S. Cancer in adolescents and young adults: who remains at risk of poor social functioning over time? Cancer. 2017;123(14):2743-2751. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    20. Dax V, Edwards N, Doidge O, Morkunas B, Thompson K, Lewin J. Evaluation of an educational and vocational service for adolescent and young adults with cancer: a retrospective review. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2021;10(1):56-65. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    21. van der Kruk SR, Butow P, Mesters I, Boyle T, Olver I, White K, et al. Psychosocial well-being and supportive care needs of cancer patients and survivors living in rural or regional areas: a systematic review from 2010 to 2021. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(2):1021-1064. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    22. Medlow S, Patterson P. Determining research priorities for adolescent and young adult cancer in Australia. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2015;24(4):590-599. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    23. Davis EL, Clarke KS, Patterson P, Cohen J. Using intervention mapping to develop an education and career support service for adolescents and young adults diagnosed with cancer: identification of the contextual factors that influence participation in education and employment. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(19):4590. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    24. Perales MA, Drake EK, Pemmaraju N, Wood WA. Social media and the Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) patient with cancer. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2016;11(6):449-455. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    25. Cheung CK, Zebrack B. What do adolescents and young adults want from cancer resources? Insights from a Delphi panel of AYA patients. Support Care Cancer. 2017;25(1):119-126. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    26. Gunn K, Turnbull D, McWha JL, Davies M, Olver I. Psychosocial service use: a qualitative exploration from the perspective of rural Australian cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(9):2547-2555. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    27. Fennell KM, Turnbull DA, Bidargaddi N, McWha JL, Davies M, Olver I. The consumer-driven development and acceptability testing of a website designed to connect rural cancer patients and their families, carers and health professionals with appropriate information and psychosocial support. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2017;26(5):e12533. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    28. Zhang Y. Beyond quality and accessibility: source selection in consumer health information searching. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol. 2014;65(5):911-927. [CrossRef]
    29. Cline RJ, Haynes KM. Consumer health information seeking on the internet: the state of the art. Health Educ Res. 2001;16(6):671-692. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    30. Stvilia B, Mon L, Yi YJ. A model for online consumer health information quality. J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol. 2009;60(9):1781-1791. [CrossRef]
    31. Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2021. URL: https://www.abs.gov.au/census [accessed 2024-02-21]
    32. Ruble KJ, Paré-Blagoev EJ, Cooper SL, Jacobson LA. Assessment of online resources for returning to school during and after treatment of childhood cancer. J Cancer Educ. 2020;35(5):876-884. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    33. Rowel R, Moore ND, Nowrojee S, Memiah P, Bronner Y. The utility of the environmental scan for public health practice: lessons from an urban program to increase cancer screening. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(4):527-534. [Medline]
    34. Charlton P, Doucet S, Azar R, Nagel DA, Boulos L, Luke A, et al. The use of the environmental scan in health services delivery research: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open. 2019;9(9):e029805. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    35. Schiffman JD, Csongradi E, Suzuki LK. Internet use among Adolescent and Young Adults (AYA) with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;51(3):410-415. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    36. Why (almost) everything you knew about Google CTR is no longer valid. Sistrix. 2020. URL: https://www.sistrix.com/blog/why-almost-everything-you-knew-about-google-ctr-is-no-longer-valid/ [accessed 2024-02-21]
    37. Bonner C, Fajardo MA, Hui S, Stubbs R, Trevena L. Clinical validity, understandability, and actionability of online cardiovascular disease risk calculators: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(2):e29. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    38. Shoemaker SJ, Wolf MS, Brach C. Development of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT): a new measure of understandability and actionability for print and audiovisual patient information. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;96(3):395-403. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    39. Eysenbach G, Köhler C. How do consumers search for and appraise health information on the world wide web? Qualitative study using focus groups, usability tests, and in-depth interviews. BMJ. 2002;324(7337):573-577. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    40. Vishnevetsky J, Walters CB, Tan KS. Interrater reliability of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). Patient Educ Couns. 2018;101(3):490-496. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    41. Mac O, Ayre J, Bell K, McCaffery K, Muscat DM. Comparison of readability scores for written health information across formulas using automated vs manual measures. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12):e2246051. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    42. Ayre J, Muscat D, Bonner C, Mouwad D, Dalmazzo J, Eliza H, et al. Sydney Health Literacy Lab (SHLL) health literacy editor. The University of Sydney. 2021. URL: https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/24642 [accessed 2024-02-21]
    43. Engaging with consumers, carers and the community. Government of South Australia. 2021. URL: https:/​/www.​sahealth.sa.gov.au/​wps/​wcm/​connect/​6dead9da-d1c2-4cbf-9568-74d2131df162/​EngagingwithConsumersCarersandCommunityGuide%26Resources_Apr+2021+%281%29.​pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-6dead9da-d1c2-4cbf-9568-74d2131df162-nYE-POS [accessed 2024-02-21]
    44. Greenhalgh T, Hinton L, Finlay T, Macfarlane A, Fahy N, Clyde B, et al. Frameworks for supporting patient and public involvement in research: systematic review and co-design pilot. Health Expect. 2019;22(4):785-801. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    45. Diaz A, McErlane J, Jeon MH, Cunningham J, Sullivan V, Garvey G. Patient information resources on cardiovascular health after cancer treatment: an audit of Australian resources. JCO Glob Oncol. 2023;9:e2200361. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    46. Butler T, Gall A, Garvey G, Ngampromwongse K, Hector D, Turnbull S, et al. A comprehensive review of optimal approaches to co-design in health with first nations Australians. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(23):16166. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    47. Gall A, Anderson K, Howard K, Diaz A, King A, Willing E, et al. Wellbeing of indigenous peoples in Canada, Aotearoa (New Zealand) and the United States: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(11):5832. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    48. Gall A, Anderson K, Adams J, Matthews V, Garvey G. An exploration of healthcare providers' experiences and perspectives of traditional and complementary medicine usage and disclosure by indigenous cancer patients. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19(1):259. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    49. Elder-Robinson E, Diaz A, Howard K, Parikh DR, Kar G, Garvey G. Quality of life in the first year of cancer diagnosis among aboriginal and non-aboriginal people living in regional and remote areas of Australia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;19(1):330. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    50. Griffiths K, Diaz A, Whop LJ, Cunningham J. The health and wellbeing of indigenous and tribal peoples around the globe: ensuring and promoting best practice in research. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;19(1):261. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    51. Diaz A, Bernardes CM, Garvey G, Valery PC. Supportive care needs among indigenous cancer patients in Queensland, Australia: less comorbidity is associated with greater practical and cultural unmet need. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2016;25(2):242-253. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    52. School and work during cancer. Cancer.net. URL: https:/​/www.​cancer.net/​navigating-cancer-care/​young-adults-and-teenagers/​school-and-work-during-cancer [accessed 2024-02-21]
    53. Cancer and Careers. URL: https://www.cancerandcareers.org/en [accessed 2024-02-21]
    54. Keep up with school. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. URL: https://together.stjude.org/en-us/teensand20s/keep-up-with-school.html [accessed 2024-02-21]
    55. Adulting with cancer. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. URL: https://together.stjude.org/en-us/teensand20s/adulting-with-cancer.html [accessed 2024-02-21]
    56. High school resources. Seattle Children's Hospital. URL: https:/​/www.​seattlechildrens.org/​globalassets/​documents/​clinics/​school-services/​hs-resources-and-schedules.​pdf [accessed 2024-02-21]
    57. College students living with a chronic condition. Center for Online Education. URL: https://www.onlinecolleges.net/for-students/chronic-health-issues/ [accessed 2024-02-21]
    58. College and career. Stupid Cancer. URL: https://stupidcancer.org/school-and-career/ [accessed 2024-02-21]
    59. Work, school, and finances. Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. URL: https://www.lls.org/children-and-young-adults/young-adults/work-school-finances [accessed 2024-02-21]
    60. Uni / TAFE and cancer treatment. Canteen. URL: https://www.canteen.org.au/young-people/with-cancer/uni-tafe-and-cancer-treatment [accessed 2024-02-21]
    61. Going back to work. Canteen. URL: https://www.canteen.org.au/young-people/after-cancer/going-back-to-work [accessed 2024-02-21]
    62. Employment and cancer treatment. Canteen. URL: https://www.canteen.org.au/young-people/with-cancer/employment-and-cancer-treatment [accessed 2024-02-21]
    63. Returning to school or study. Canteen. URL: https://www.canteen.org.au/young-people/after-cancer/returning-to-school-or-study [accessed 2024-02-21]
    64. Young people going back to work with cancer. Government of South Australia. URL: https:/​/www.​sahealth.sa.gov.au/​wps/​wcm/​connect/​public+content/​sa+health+internet/​conditions/​cancer/​youth+cancer/​young+people+living+with+cancer/​young+people+going+back+to+work+with+cancer [accessed 2024-02-21]
    65. Cancer in the school community. Cancer Council. URL: https:/​/www.​cancer.org.au/​cancer-information/​types-of-cancer/​childhood-cancers/​cancer-in-the-school-community [accessed 2024-02-21]
    66. Returning to work or study. Leukaemia Foundation. URL: https:/​/www.​leukaemia.org.au/​blood-cancer/​journey/​living-well-with-blood-cancer/​practical-matters/​returning-to-work-or-study/​#:~:text=Some%20things%20you%20may%20like,to%20advocate%20on%20your%20behalf [accessed 2024-02-21]
    67. Holland L. Thinking ahead: your guide to school, study and work. PeterMac. Melbourne, Victoria. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; 2017. URL: https:/​/www.​petermac.org/​patients-and-carers/​information-and-resources/​children-adolescents-and-young-adults/​thinking-ahead-your-guide-to-school-study-and-work [accessed 2024-02-21]
    68. What should be considered when planning to return to work after cancer? Shine Cancer Support. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5_4IwEthOE [accessed 2024-02-21]
    69. Study, university, and work. Blood Cancer UK. URL: https://bloodcancer.org.uk/support-for-you/young-adults-blood-cancer/study-university-work/ [accessed 2024-02-21]
    70. Back to education after cancer. Teenage Cancer Trust. URL: https://www.teenagecancertrust.org/information-about-cancer/back-education-after-cancer [accessed 2024-02-21]
    71. Returning to work after cancer treatment. Teenage Cancer Trust. URL: https://www.teenagecancertrust.org/information-about-cancer/returning-work-after-cancer-treatment [accessed 2024-02-21]
    72. Going back to work after cancer treatment. Young Lives vs. Cancer. URL: https:/​/www.​younglivesvscancer.org.uk/​life-with-cancer/​i-have-cancer/​work/​going-back-to-work-after-cancer-treatment/​ [accessed 2024-02-21]
    73. Work and cancer. Trekstock. URL: https://www.trekstock.com/how-your-employment-may-be-affected-by-cancer [accessed 2024-02-21]
    74. Returning to work or school after cancer treatment. Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHVleZotXBk [accessed 2024-02-21]
    75. The POGO school and work transitions program. Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario. URL: https://www.pogo.ca/programs-support/survivor-care/transitions-school-work-counselling/ [accessed 2024-02-21]
    76. Cheung CK, Norlander MG, Vest AN, Thomas BN, Zebrack BJ. A thin line between helpful and harmful internet usage: embodied research on internet experiences among adolescent and young adult cancer patients. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2022;11(5):478-485. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    77. Lin M, Sansom-Daly UM, Wakefield CE, McGill BC, Cohn RJ. Health literacy in adolescents and young adults: perspectives from Australian cancer survivors. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2017;6(1):150-158. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    78. Hawke LD, Relihan J, Miller J, McCann E, Rong J, Darnay K, et al. Engaging youth in research planning, design and execution: practical recommendations for researchers. Health Expect. 2018;21(6):944-949. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    79. Thabrew H, Fleming T, Hetrick S, Merry S. Co-design of eHealth interventions with children and young people. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:481. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    80. Jones RB, Stallard P, Agha SS, Rice S, Werner-Seidler A, Stasiak K, et al. Practitioner review: co-design of digital mental health technologies with children and young people. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;61(8):928-940. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    81. Mulvale A, Miatello A, Hackett C, Mulvale G. Applying experience-based co-design with vulnerable populations: lessons from a systematic review of methods to involve patients, families and service providers in child and youth mental health service improvement. Patient Exp J. 2016;3(1):117-129. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]
    82. Bygrave A, Whittaker K, Aranda S. Inequalities in cancer outcomes by indigenous status and socioeconomic quintile: an integrative review. Cancer Council Australia. Sydney. URL: https://www.cancer.org.au/assets/pdf/inequalities-in-cancer-outcomes [accessed 2024-02-21]
    83. Garvey G, Beesley VL, Janda M, O'Rourke PK, He VYF, Hawkes AL, et al. Psychometric properties of an Australian supportive care needs assessment tool for indigenous patients with cancer. Cancer. 2015;121(17):3018-3026. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    84. Deravin L, Francis K, Anderson J. Closing the gap in indigenous health inequity—is it making a difference? Int Nurs Rev. 2018;65(4):477-483. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    85. Spinner JR, Haynes E, Nunez C, Baskerville S, Bravo K, Araojo RR. Enhancing FDA's reach to minorities and under-represented groups through training: developing culturally competent health education materials. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021;12:21501327211003688. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    86. Scanlon B, Brough M, Wyld D, Durham J. Equity across the cancer care continuum for culturally and linguistically diverse migrants living in Australia: a scoping review. Global Health. 2021;17(1):87. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    87. Grace JG, Schweers L, Anazodo A, Freyer DR. Evaluating and providing quality health information for adolescents and young adults with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(10):e27931. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]

    ‎
    AYA: adolescent and young adult
    NGO: nongovernmental organization
    PEMAT: Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool
    SHeLL: Sydney Health Literacy Laboratory

    Edited by T de Azevedo Cardoso; submitted 09.04.23; peer-reviewed by L Guccione, S Arya; comments to author 04.10.23; revised version received 14.11.23; accepted 06.02.24; published 25.03.24.

    Copyright

    ©Clarissa E Schilstra, Sarah J Ellis, Jennifer Cohen, Alana Gall, Abbey Diaz, Kristina Clarke, Gadiel Dumlao, Jennifer Chard, Therese M Cumming, Esther Davis, Haryana Dhillon, Mary Anne Burns, Kimberley Docking, Eng-Siew Koh, Josephine O'Reilly, Ursula M Sansom-Daly, Joanne Shaw, Nicole Speers, Natalie Taylor, Anthea Warne, Joanna E Fardell. Originally published in JMIR Cancer (https://cancer.jmir.org), 25.03.2024.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Cancer, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://cancer.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.