e.g. mhealth
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Skip search results from other journals and go to results- 20 Journal of Medical Internet Research
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Readability was assessed by averaging the following eight readability formulas: Automated Readability Index, Flesch Reading Ease Formula, Gunning Fog Index, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Formula, Coleman-Liau Index, SMOG (Simple Measure of Gobbledygook) Index, Linsear Write Formula, and FORCAST Readability Formula (Multimedia Appendix 2) [8]. Two-tailed t tests and an ANOVA were used for comparison.
JMIR Dermatol 2025;8:e59054
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As prior data regarding accuracy have been promising, an emerging focus has been on investigating the readability of the model’s output.
Prior studies have shown Chat GPT provides accurate and comprehensive responses to questions related to heart failure, and another demonstrated its responses were at a college reading level, highlighting the need for further assessment of the readability of GPT’s outputs [12,18].
JMIR Cardio 2025;9:e68817
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The AI-generated consent forms were directly compared with the original version for readability and content quality.
To assess the impact of LLM-based simplification, we conducted readability and structural comparisons between the original (before) and AI-edited consent (after) forms. Readability was quantitatively measured using KRead and Natmal—the 2 established readability indices for the Korean language [10,11].
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e73222
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While improvements in readability scores have been made over time [17] and human intervention can assist in improving readability [19], challenges remain in bringing readability to an appropriate level on a mass scale.
Large language models (LLMs) can consume massive amounts of data and perform a wide array of tasks that have made them useful tools to understand and generate text [26], making them an enticing option to improve the readability of PEMs.
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e69955
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To evaluate readability, responses from both versions were assessed using a web-based Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) calculator. This calculator determined the responses’ readability using two different indices: the FRES and the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). These readability tests use mathematical formulas that consider factors such as sentence length and word count.
JMIR Cancer 2025;11:e63677
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However, previous research has shown that web-based educational resources for cardiovascular disease risk management do not provide appropriate information or meet the usability or readability needs of adults [18,25-29], and co-design involving end users (such as community members and medical professionals) is an underused method during resource development [24].
JMIR Infodemiology 2025;5:e55248
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The Chinese Readability Index Explorer (CRIE; version 3.0 [26]) was used. In addition to the evaluators’ subjective assessments, we introduced a quantitative Chinese readability tool, CRIE. It consists of 4 subsystems comprising 82 multilevel language features [27]. CRIE uses multilevel language features for text analysis, including vocabulary, syntax, semantics, and cohesion.
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e62857
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These scores are credible tools that are widely used to evaluate readability [63]. The included websites were evaluated if they were written at the American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health recommendation of a grade 6 reading level [64,65].
A standardized data extraction template was created and piloted to ensure reviewers understood how to evaluate the quality, content, and readability of each website.
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e53087
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Transforming Informed Consent Generation Using Large Language Models: Mixed Methods Study
However, for successful implementation, models must not only improve readability and actionability but also align with current regulatory requirements and ethical guidelines.
The ability for LLMs to generate a complex clinical trial ICFs from a research protocol remains unexplored. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of the Mistral 8x22 B LLM in generating the key information sections of ICFs with improved readability, understandability, and actionability.
JMIR Med Inform 2025;13:e68139
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The readability of the 4 AI’s responses to the items of the fifth section of the validated questionnaire (Multimedia Appendix 3) was appraised by means of the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level analysis, which is a test designed to indicate how difficult a passage in English is to understand. The formula was developed by Rudolf Flesch and J Peter Kincaid and was first used in the United States military to assess the readability of their technical manuals.
JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e56126
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