Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are rare hematological cancers (polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis), with a chronic symptom burden that often includes fatigue, sleep disturbances, and depressive and anxiety-related symptoms, to name a few [1,2]. The only potentially curative option is allogenic stem-cell transplantation, but it is reserved for high-risk myelofibrosis patients. Moreover, the current best available pharmacologic therapy does not completely resolve symptoms, and other standard-of-care treatments for MPN are associated with worsened fatigue, inactivity, and a reduced quality of life [3]. Despite this, patients often have a favorable life expectancy (unique compared with most malignancies), with as much as two-third of MPN patients living up to 15 years after diagnosis and some with the same life expectancy as the general population, rendering MPN a chronic cancer condition [4,5]. There is a need to examine complementary approaches in MPNs as a method of self-management of symptom burden for patients.

Mindfulness meditation has gained increasing attention as a complementary therapy for chronic cancer patients, particularly for alleviating a range of symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment (eg, fatigue, emotional distress, and sleep disturbances) [6-8]. Mindfulness meditation is the practice of moment-to-moment awareness, in which the person purposefully focuses on the present moment, without judgement [9,10]. However, there has been minimal research investigating the effects of mindfulness meditation as a complementary therapy in hematological cancer patients, and more specifically, only 1 small feasibility study has been conducted in MPN patients [11,12].

Participating in meditation for anxiety and stress reduction and quality of life in cancer patients is recommended by The Society of Integrative Oncology Clinical Practice Guidelines [13]. However, meditation interventions are often delivered in person (as opposed to home based or remotely), which presents many limitations [14]. In 2017, Gowin et al [15] conducted a survey in MPN patients (n=1676), and 18.97% (318/1676) of the patients reported trying meditation for the management of symptoms, but they said it was burdensome to travel to attend the face-to-face classes. MPN patients face many demands and stressors, feel overwhelmed, are fatigued, are often reluctant to take on commitments for attending and engaging in in-person interventions, and often seek treatment outside of their home city or state (ie, lack of nearby specialized treatment centers) [16,17]. Even when delivery of meditation is virtual or remote, limitations still exist, including the following: (1) there is attendance to a specific weekly schedule, (2) meditation programs (ie, mindfulness-based stress reduction) are comprehensive and can be potentially burdensome (90-min sessions, 8-12 weeks long) [18], and (3) traditional mindfulness meditation programs are typically delivered by trained providers, which may be costly and not covered by insurance. There is a need to establish effective modes of delivering mindfulness meditation to chronic cancer patients, such as MPN patients.

Mobile health (the use of mobile wireless technologies for health) [19] has become a topic of considerable interest among cancer patients as a means of promoting self-management of chronic disease for better health outcomes [20]. Most cancer patients own a mobile phone, regularly use mobile apps, and are interested in accessing supportive care information via a mobile app [21,22]. In a recent survey of 1300 cancer patients, 71.00% (923/1300) of the patients reported owning a mobile phone [21]. In a 2018 survey of 631 cancer patients, 74.0% (467/631) of the patients reported regular use of a mobile phone, and 38.9% (246/631) of the patients expressed an interest in supportive care information via mobile apps [22]. In a pilot study conducted by Huberty and colleagues, 96.9% (308/318) of MPN patients indicated that they owned a mobile phone and were willing to download a mobile app to participate in app-based meditation [12]. There are approximately 300 cancer-specific apps available across the major mobile phone platforms (eg, iPhone, Android); however, a majority of available apps have limited evidence to demonstrate their effectiveness and utility, and the evidence of the clinical benefits of commercially available apps for cancer patients is in its infancy [20,23]. Despite minimal evidence in cancer patients, there have been some recent advances in the evidence base, supporting mobile phone-based meditation for health-related outcomes. A recent study conducted by Economides et al [24] investigated the effects of meditation delivered using the Headspace app on stress, affect, and irritability in novice meditators as compared with an active control (ie, audiobook delivered via Headspace app), and they found that participants in the meditation group (n=41) averaged approximately 44 min/week of meditation when asked to complete a total of 10 introductory, 10-min meditations as they desired. Furthermore, participants also saw significant improvements in irritability (Cohen d=0.44), affect (Cohen d=0.47), and stress (Cohen d=0.45) compared with the active control group (n=28). Another recent study conducted by Bostock et al [25] examined the effects of a 45-day (approximately 6.5 weeks) Headspace meditation app intervention on work stress and well-being in healthy workers (n=128) compared with a wait-list control group (n=121), and they found that participants averaged approximately 42 min/week of meditation alongside significant improvements over 45 days in well-being, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and job strain compared with the control group. Despite the promising findings demonstrated by these aforementioned studies, they were both of relatively short durations (approximately 2 weeks-6.5 weeks), were not powered to determine efficacy, and did not report on features and experiences of users that were most desired for continued participation and engagement with the app. The features, functionality, and experience desired by users of mobile phone-based meditation apps have yet to be thoroughly investigated and reported. A recently published study, Huberty et al [12], investigating the feasibility of mobile phone-based meditation via the Calm app and the 10% Happier app among MPN patients demonstrated the Calm app to be more feasible to implement because of higher demand and acceptability. In addition, this study demonstrated limited efficacy, with small effects observed in both apps on anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and total symptom burden. This study illuminated some of the aspects of the Calm app that may have accounted for the higher demand and acceptability compared with the 10% Happier app (eg, better app esthetics, more soothing meditation narrator voice); however, more detailed qualitative findings are needed to better understand what features and experience users desire when meditating with a mobile phone app.

Considering the potential benefits of meditation on cancer symptoms, the difficulty for MPN patients to attend in-person meditation interventions, the increasing prevalence of cancer-specific mobile phone apps, and the ease of accessibility to potentially efficacious interventions for symptom management, MPNs are an ideal chronic cancer population with which to gather perceptions and experiences of participation in a consumer-based mobile phone meditation intervention. The aim of this study was to report MPN patients’ (ie, naïve or nearly naïve meditators) perceptions of meditation and explore their experiences in the context of using a mobile phone for meditation after participation in an 8-week, consumer-based meditation app feasibility study. Data presented here will inform the selection of an app for a future efficacy intervention in cancer patients and may provide useful information for content and design features for future meditation apps targeted at cancer patients.

Participants were MPN patients who participated in a 4-group, randomized controlled trial, with a cross-over study design to examine the feasibility and limited efficacy of 2 different consumer-based meditation mobile phone apps in MPN patients: Calm and 10% Happier. We used the Calm app for this study, as Calm is one of the most popular consumer-based mobile apps (ie, Apple’s app of the year in 2017), the team developed a relationship with Calm to conduct research using the app, and Calm agreed to provide the memberships to the app and share the tracking data with the research team, without cost. The 10% Happier app was chosen, as the app was one of the competing meditation mobile apps of Calm, and 10% Happier also agreed to provide the memberships to the app and share the tracking data with the research team, without cost. Both mobile phone apps are available across all major mobile phone platforms (ie, Android and iOS). Both the Calm app and 10% Happier app were developed for the general population and not necessarily for a particular chronically ill population. In addition, both of these apps have a free option with limited accessibility, as well as a paid option with full accessibility. The findings and a detailed overview of the methods from the feasibility study are reported elsewhere in the parent paper [12] (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03726944). Briefly, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 different groups that each comprised 2 different conditions lasting 4 weeks each. Group #1 received the 10% Happier app, followed by the Calm app; Group #2 received the Calm app, followed by the 10% Happier app; Group #3 received an educational control condition, followed by the 10% Happier app, and Group #4 received an educational control condition, followed by the Calm app. When participating in a meditation app condition, participants were asked to meditate for 10 min/day on each day of the week. Those in the educational control condition received a handout describing evidence-based fatigue management strategies. All participants had autonomy to use the app as they desired after completing the prescribed daily meditation. Each app housed a library of meditations and content from which participants could choose. Emails were sent to all participants at the beginning of each week to remind them to meditate (ie, use the app). The qualitative portion of the study was designed to explore the perceptions of MPN patients practicing meditation either for the first time or as fairly inexperienced users and to explore their experiences in the context of mobile phone delivery.

MPN patients (n=128) were recruited on the Web through MPN organizational partners, with a flier outlining the study and its requirements. The study was advertised as a mobile phone app meditation study. MPN patients interested in the study were asked to complete a Web-based eligibility questionnaire, administered via Qualtrics (Provo, UT), and if eligible, a phone call was arranged by the staff to complete informed consent, followed by electronic signature. Patients were eligible if they (1) had a diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, or myelofibrosis, (2) owned a mobile phone and were willing to download and use a meditation app, (3) could read and understand English, (4) were aged 18 years or older, (5) were willing to be randomized to 1 of 4 different groups, (6) were not regular meditators (ie, engaged in <10 min/day of meditation on <5 days/week for the past 6 months), (7) were not regularly engaged in tai chi, qigong, or yoga (ie, engaged in >60 min/week each week), (8) were neither currently using the Calm app nor the 10% Happier app, and (10) were currently residing in the United States.

At the end of the 8-week feasibility study [12], participants were given an option to participate in a 15-20-min telephone interview, conducted by trained student research assistants. Before conducting each interview, the research assistants explained the purpose, the amount of time the interview would take, and the voluntary nature of participation (ie, the participant’s ability to skip questions or end the interview at any time). The interview questions, as shown in Table 1, were developed by the research team to determine perceptions and explore experiences in the context of mobile phone delivery of meditation, as well as provide further insights into how such interventions might be beneficial for the target population.

A semistructured interview script was used for each interview, including open-ended questions and additional probe questions to garner further information from the study participants. Although some probe questions were predefined (see Table 1), interviewers were also free to ask additional questions for clarification or expansion of the specific responses provided by participants. The relatively short and semistructured approach to qualitative data collection allowed for the interviews to remain focused while being open and flexible for participants to describe their experiences [26,27] of using the meditation apps from their personal perspectives and in their own words. With the permission of participants, all interviews were audio recorded for transcription.

All interview transcripts were imported into NVivo 12 (QSR International) for coding and analysis, using a combination of deductive and inductive methods to organize the data, generate categories, and develop themes and subthemes [28,29]. Braun et al [26] describe thematic analysis as “a method for identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) within data” (page 6). It is not bound to any particular theoretical framework, and it can therefore be used flexibly within a range of different epistemological and ontological perspectives. The hybrid deductive and inductive approach to thematic analysis used in this study reflects the thematic analysis approach described by Braun et al [26] and Swain et al [27], in which both the existing knowledge and understanding of the researcher, as well as the semantic content of the research data, are involved in developing codes to represent particular constructs. We used a semistructured approach to data collection, in which the raw interview data naturally fell into a number of higher-level themes related to the predefined questions or structured aspects of the interviews. Within these higher-level themes, inductive thematic analysis methods were used to identify relevant lower-level codes or constructs from the transcribed raw interview data, with chunks of data being assigned to codes and labeled to reflect their meaning [26]. The overall coding process, which was carried out by a highly experienced qualitative research specialist and member of the research team, involved an iterative process, with several stages in which codes and their corresponding labels were reviewed, revised, and in many cases, grouped or categorized within intermediate-level codes or themes. This continued until the overall distribution and definition of themes and subthemes were felt to most accurately reflect the body of research data and the reported experiences of the participants. The findings of the study are reported by key themes below and illustrated by verbatim quotes from the interviews to convey the real-life experiences of the participants. Quantitative counts of the numbers of participants reporting particular types of views on or experiences of the meditation intervention are included in tables and the narrative in a summative style of analysis.

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Arizona State University, and all participants signed an informed consent before participating in the study.

The total sample included 48 MPN patients. Participants were aged 59 (SD 10) years, had a body mass index of 27 (SD 6) kg/m², and were primarily female (73%; 35/48) and Caucasian (94%; 45/48). In addition, the majority of participants had an annual income >US $61,000 (60%; 29/48), had a Bachelor’s degree or higher (69%; 33/48), and were married (81%; 39/48). The most common MPN diagnosis was polycythemia vera (42%; 20/48), followed by essential thrombocythemia (33%; 16/48) and myelofibrosis (25%; 12/48). Most were diagnosed >3 years ago (58%; 28/48). Across demographic variables, most were comparable to what is typically seen in MPN patients, with the exception of the majority being female (approximately 50%-55% female is the typical proportion in MPNs) [1]. Fatigue at baseline averaged approximately 5.9 (on a scale of 0-10; 0=absent; 10=worst imaginable) and total symptom burden at baseline, as measured with the validated MPN Symptom Assessment Form Total Symptom Score (MPN-SAF TSS), averaged approximately 39.4 (on scale of 0-100; higher score indicating greater symptom burden). These baseline scores were slightly higher than what is typically seen in MPN patients (mean fatigue score is approximately 4.0-4.5, and mean MPN-SAF TSS is approximately 20.0-25.0) [1]. Upon completion of the study, weekly meditation participation averaged approximately 99 min/week for those who participated in the Calm app and approximately 36 min/week for those who participated in the 10% Happier app. A total of 68% (22/32) and 20% (7/36) of Calm and 10% Happier participants, respectively, averaged >70 min/week of meditation (70 min/week was prescribed). A total of 22 participants used both the Calm and 10% Happier apps, 10 participants only used the Calm app, and 14 participants only used the 10% Happier app. Note that not all participants were asked or did not provide an answer to the same questions. Therefore, total frequencies (n=46) do not equate to total sample size (n=48) of this study.

A majority of participants (60%; 29/48) reported some previous experience with meditation before participating in this study, although as a cutoff for inclusion in the study, participants could not have meditated more than 10 min/day on more than 5 days/week in the previous 6 months [12]. However, despite the high proportion of patients who had some experience with meditation in the past, less than half of the qualitative study participants (44%; 21/48) indicated that they were open minded about meditation (ie, willing to learn about meditation). Although some participants indicated that they were willing to learn about whether meditation might be beneficial for them personally, others reported that they had never been interested or had never given meditation much thought:

In fact, 19% of the sample (9/48) indicated that they had negative preconceptions or concerns about participating in meditation, such as the belief that they would not be able to clear their mind effectively or that the sessions would be long and tedious. Some held the unrealistic idea that the goal of meditation is to sit cross legged like a Buddhist monk or to achieve a completely blank mind:

Other types of concerns reported by some of the participants are related to the fear that others (egg, peers, friends, and family) would find them weird for meditating or that they would be vulnerable to subliminal messages in the meditation recordings:

After participating in the study, a majority of participants expressed the view that they had enjoyed using the meditation apps, with a considerable number (17/48) reporting that their perceptions of meditation had improved or become more positive as a result of the study. Their responses indicated that there were 2 main reasons for becoming more positive about meditation as a result of participating in the study. First, some of the participants indicated that the practice of meditation had proved to be easier than they had expected and that it was not necessary to totally clear the mind during meditation or allocate a lot of time to the practice:

Others indicated that their stereotypical ideas about meditation had been broken down, as they realized that it is a practice that everyone can benefit from:

Some participants indicated that they felt more positive about meditation as a result of experiencing direct benefits from it, such as feeling more calm or relaxed or being able to manage their pain better:

A few participants also commented that they had enjoyed the flexibility of being able to meditate anywhere, including alone at home, without having to go to a class:

As a result of these improved perceptions of meditation, a majority of the study participants (41/48) indicated that they intended or were at least considering continuing their meditation practice after the end of the study or were already doing so. More than half of all participants (29/48) reported that they planned to continue meditating with one of the study apps at least for the remainder of the free trial period, and some were considering paid subscription options for when this came to an end. Others (16/48) indicated that they do plan to continue meditating, but they planned on continuing by using different apps, meditating independently without the use of an app, or attending a class. For some, participating in the study had either given them a new or renewed interest in meditation or provided them with methods through which they planned to continue using without the app itself. A range of reasons were given for continuing meditation, such as experiencing the benefits, being able to meditate even when going through periods of severe illness, managing pain, or helping them sleep. A participant wanted to continue in preparation for future times when the participant’s condition might worsen and the participant would use meditation to help manage symptoms. Only 5 participants indicated that they were not likely to continue using the apps or meditating at all. All participants indicated that they would recommend that MPN patients should at least try mobile phone meditation. A participant expressed the view that it is important for MPN patients to exert an element of control over the sense of worry and lack of control that comes with having an MPN and that meditation practice could help provide this. Others felt that meditation was worth a try, as it was not very difficult to do and had the potential to calm emotions, ease day-to-day concerns, relieve stress, or improve sleep:

A total of 25% (12/48) of participants reported no perceived benefits of meditation on their health. However, a majority indicated that use of the meditation apps had a positive impact on various aspects of their mental or physical well-being. Improvements in mental health were the most commonly cited benefits of using the apps. More than half of the sample (26/48) reported a positive impact on their ability to manage stress or anxiety, 13 participants indicated that meditation helped them feel calmer or more focused, and 8 participants reported an improved sense of general well-being since participating in the meditation study. Those who reported an impact on their ability to manage stress or anxiety highlighted ways in which the tools or strategies they had learned from the apps, such as focusing on breathing, had helped them in stressful situations or the ways in which meditation had helped them deal with worries about their condition:

Others discussed ways in which they were feeling calmer or more focused in their lives as a result of the meditation practice, or they referred to a general improved sense of mental well-being:

In addition, 44% (21/48) of the participants reported improvements in sleep, resulting from the meditation practice, including an improvement in sleep quality, as well as falling asleep more quickly. Some mentioned the sleep-focused meditations and stories on the Calm apps as being particularly helpful for better sleep:

Many of those who said they were falling asleep faster were deliberately using their meditation practice at bedtime for this reason, whether or not they usually had problems falling asleep:

Although 9 participants reported no impact on quality of sleep, in some cases, this was because of the fact they were not experiencing sleep problems when they began. Similarly, although not all participants were experiencing fatigue as one of their symptoms, 23% (11/48) of the participants reported improvements in fatigue as a result of meditation. For some, this was because of the fact that meditation helped them sleep better so that they were less tired during daytime, whereas others felt that the meditation schedule just enabled them to take a rest break, which helped recharge their energy.

Finally, 8% (4/48) of the participants reported that meditation had been helpful in reducing or helping them manage pain.

Some participants who reported perceived impacts of meditation on various aspects of their physical or mental well-being were asked how long it had taken after starting the meditation program for the effects to become apparent to them. Of the 10 participants who responded, most indicated that it had been about 1 to 2 weeks before noticing changes, whereas a few had either noticed effects very quickly or after a longer period of about 3 weeks. Table 3 shows the number of participants reporting various types of positive impacts from use of the meditation apps.

The aim of this study was to report MPN patients’ (ie, naïve or nearly naïve meditators) perceptions of meditation and explore their experiences in the context of using a mobile phone for meditation after participation in an 8-week, consumer-based meditation app feasibility study. The qualitative data provide in-depth information that can be used (combined with the results of our published feasibility study) [12] in the selection of an app for a future efficacy intervention in cancer patients. The information may also inform content and features for future meditation apps targeted at cancer patients.

Overall, the qualitative findings of this study indicate that mobile phone-guided meditation was very well accepted and liked among MPN patients, although most patients who experienced both expressed a greater liking for the Calm app over the 10% Happier app. However, regardless of which app patients preferred, they felt that mobile phone meditation positively impacted physical and mental well-being, including fatigue, sleep quality, and their ability to manage stress and anxiety. Overwhelmingly, all patients would recommend meditation to other MPN patients; most reported likeliness of continuing to meditate, and a majority reported a likeliness to continue meditating with one of the consumer-based apps. This was despite the finding that more than half of the participants had negative preconceptions about meditation, partially because of the stigma surrounding it [30]. Therefore, future studies are warranted to develop and test the introduction and educational components of meditation apps to assure they are tailored for the specific populations’ preconceptions about meditation.

After participating in the study, a majority of participants indicated that they had enjoyed using the meditation apps. As mentioned above, most expressed the view that around 10 min was a suitable length of time for meditation sessions, and this seemed to contribute to their enjoyment of the apps. There is little previous literature available to suggest the ideal dose or length of meditation, as studies have varied quite considerably in their prescription [31]. This is especially the case in hematological cancers, with no research being conducted to date in MPN patients, before our recent feasibility study [11,12]. Meditation interventions have shown effects with time spent in meditation ranging from 10 min to 2 hours and from 1 day a week to a daily practice [32-34]. In a feasibility study of 5-, 15-, and 30-min meditation sessions, the 15-min sessions were the most feasible to implement among health care professionals [35]. This falls in line with current practical recommendations, in which it is recommended that beginners begin by meditating between 10 and 30 min per session [36]. Therefore, it seems that consumer-based apps that offer 10-min daily meditations are in line with what is feasible and most practical, on the basis of the current literature, and this likely contributed to the participants’ enjoyment of the length of meditations. However, some of the participants in this study expressed a preference for different or increasing lengths of meditation, which suggests that both the length of meditations at the outset of an intervention and the meditation’s extension over time might usefully be explored in future feasibility studies. In a recent study by Huberty et al [17] that investigated the feasibility of 12 weeks of Web-based, home-based yoga in MPN patients, participants who completed the intervention noted that the flexibility and convenience of being able to do yoga at home instead of going to a studio was one of the best features of a remote intervention. Cancer patients report barriers that make it difficult to participate in in-person interventions [16], and mobile phone-based meditation helps in addressing these issues, as participants can participate in meditation when they want and where they want. It is likely that the convenience and flexibility of mobile phone-based meditation contributed to its feasibility, with some participants in this study commenting on the flexibility of this approach, as noted earlier.

Of those participants who reported a preference for one app over the other, a majority (91%; 20/22) expressed a preference for the Calm app. There may be other unique features of the Calm app that made it more preferable compared with the 10% Happier app. Despite a lack of research on meditation apps, there has been some research investigating the desired features of physical activity–based and, more broadly, health behavior change–based apps. This research suggests automatic tracking and ease of tracking activity and progress, as well as integrated features (eg, syncing with social media platforms and music apps), are desired and make apps more likely to be used [37,38]. Although both the Calm app and the 10% Happier app track meditation progress for the users, the Calm app immediately displays the current streak of meditation days and offers the users to (1) share the daily quote on social media (ie, Instagram, Facebook) or via text, (2) see their profile of meditation statistics and progress (ie, number of meditations completed, longest streak of meditations completed, and total meditation min) and share with others (ie, social media, text, and email), (3) rate the session, and (4) give 30 days of Calm. In comparison, the 10% Happier app displays the days of the last week spent in meditation, and if the users choose, they can also see the minutes of meditation and number of sessions, and then they can share their progress.

There is also little research investigating the features of meditation apps that are most desired or wanted by users. This is despite the over 300 mindfulness- or meditation-based mobile phone apps available across the Google Play Store and Apple’s App Store [20,23]. Laurie et al [39] suggest that meditation apps should be designed so that (1) users can be encouraged to find a proper time and place to meditate regularly and (2) users can be encouraged to integrate the mobile phone app with other features on their phone, such as alarms and calendar notifications reminding them to meditate; in addition, meditation apps (3) offer users alternatives to meditating sitting still in the case that the user wants to engage in movement of some sort as well (eg, mindful movement, such as yoga or tai chi), and (4) the app itself is more interactive and less passive. There is still much to be learned about the use of mobile apps to deliver meditation and the way to cater the app to the individual. As discussed above, most of the participants in this study reported mental or physical health benefits. This is not surprising, as mindfulness meditation has been shown to improve a range of cancer-related symptoms, including treatment fatigue, emotional distress, and sleep disturbances, to name a few [6-8]. Meditation may have improved mental health (eg, anxiety- and stress-related symptoms) through its calming effects on the autonomic nervous system and its ability to help improve attentional control and regulation of emotions [40-42]. Some of the other reported benefits by participants, including sleep and fatigue in particular, may also be related to one another, as some reported that they felt less fatigued, as they had better quality sleep. It is possible that meditation helped participants sleep better because of a reduction in sleep-interfering ruminating cognitive processes [6,8,43]. The improved sleep may have then led to participants feeling less tired throughout the following day. However, it is also possible that meditation targeted fatigue indirectly through another mechanism. Meditation has been shown to reduce inflammation, and inflammation is a key driver of MPN fatigue [44-46]. Participants who used the Calm app mentioned the use of both the Sleep Stories and the background music nature sounds to help them fall asleep. Sleep Stories on the Calm app comprise a narrator telling a story or ancient fable in a bedtime story format. The Sleep Stories are intended to be relaxing and soothing, thereby helping listeners fall asleep. The background nature sounds available on the Calm app range in style, from the sounds of running water and birds chirping to the sound of rain on leaves and thunder rumbling in the background. Research has demonstrated the beneficial effects of listening to nature sounds or music on the ability to fall asleep and on sleep quality in both cancer and noncancer populations [47-49]. In regard to the Sleep Stories helping participants fall asleep, there is no research specifically investigating the effects of Sleep Stories and their impact on sleep outcomes. However, there has been research conducted using bedroom story routines that have been associated with better sleep outcomes (eg, improved sleep quantity and quality) [50]. In this study, it is unknown whether study participants listened to the Sleep Stories as part of a nightly routine or on an as needed basis to help them fall asleep. Research is needed that examines the effects of Calm’s Sleep Stories and whether stories by themselves help improve sleep outcomes or whether stories integrated into a nightly routine is more efficacious for sleep outcomes. In this study, exactly half (24/48) of the participants indicated that they had stuck to a regular meditation schedule over the duration of the study. However, the time of day in which participants chose to meditate varied. Most (14/24) indicated that they meditated at night, before going to sleep. Conversely, the other 10 reported that they preferred to meditate at any other time of the day, including the morning, afternoon, or early evening. In the study by Laurie et al [39] mentioned earlier, the Headspace users (n=16) also had varied patterns of use. It could be that most participants in this study meditated at night, as it was a way of helping them fall asleep. It does seem that having a routine-oriented approach to daily meditation is important, as participants in the Headspace study indicated that the toughest part of meditating regularly was identifying a routine time, sticking with that time, and then integrating that routine into their busy lifestyles. The authors [39] suggested that the design of meditation apps should have content that teaches users how to fit meditation into their lifestyle. It may be that meditating at a specific time each day is associated with a higher likelihood of consistent meditation, but future research in this area is warranted to explore this further.

This study is not without limitations. First, participants recruited for this study were not blinded to the nature of the intervention being tested. Participants knew they were volunteering for a meditation intervention delivered via a mobile app. It is possible that this could have attracted interested participants who were more likely to find using the meditation apps enjoyable and likeable. Second, qualitative findings are from a convenience sample of participants who agreed to participate in a postintervention interview, derived from the larger sample that completed the study as a whole. The interview was not required of all study participants, and it is possible that this led to a biased sample of interviewees. In addition, as Calm and 10% Happier offer other content besides meditation (ie, sleep stories, interviews with experts, and educational classes and courses) and as participants had autonomy to use other content on the app, it is possible that participants could have had slightly different interventions when compared with each other. However, this was also built into the nature of the feasibility trial, and this partially encouraged participants to explore other features of the app. Future efficacy studies should aim to deliver a stricter intervention.

On the basis of the findings of this study, more research is needed to better understand the effects of mobile phone meditation on MPN patients and, more broadly, on cancer patients as a whole. The qualitative findings of this study suggest that MPN patients enjoy mobile phone meditation and experience beneficial effects on their mental health, sleep, fatigue, and pain from using a meditation app, but they prefer the Calm app (as compared with the 10% Happier app). In addition, patients identify with certain design features that make a mobile-based meditation app more appealing (eg, soothing sounds and backgrounds, integration with social media platforms, automatic tracking of progress, and user statistics). Future research is needed that investigates the efficacy of mobile phone-based meditation and further explores the optimization of meditation app design and features to enhance uptake among users. Furthermore, researchers should explore the specific types of meditation sessions and the specific features of the apps that were accessed to better guide recommendations for its users.